A Plague of Sheep: Elinor Melville

Elinor Melville’s A Plague of Sheep (1994) examines the effects of sheep ranching on the environment in the Valle de Mezquital in colonial Mexico. Melville traces the processes that turned a wooded, well-irrigated landscape into desolate pasture lands. She weaves disease, territorial control, ungulate irruptions, and the collapse and consolidation of regional land tenancy into… Read More A Plague of Sheep: Elinor Melville

Sexuality and Marriage in Colonial Latin America: Asunción Lavrin

Asunción Lavrin’s edited volume, Sexuality and Marriage in Colonial Latin America, presents a series of perspectives on what Lavrin calls the “conquest of the mind,” the means through which the Spanish state and Catholic Church sought to maintain control over colonial society. The authors challenge received understandings of the region’s early history by showing the… Read More Sexuality and Marriage in Colonial Latin America: Asunción Lavrin

Native Society and Disease in Colonial Ecuador: Suzanne Alchon

Suzanne Alchon: Native Society and Disease in Colonial Ecuador (1991) explores the relationship between epidemic diseases and indigenous populations in the north-central highlands of Ecuador in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Alchon argues that appreciating the role of epidemics in everything from food security to politics is critical to understanding changes in regional history in… Read More Native Society and Disease in Colonial Ecuador: Suzanne Alchon

Native Lords of Quito in the Age of the Incas: Frank Salomon

Frank Salomon’s Native Lords of Quito in the Age of the Incas (1985) is still the most complete ethnohistory of the Ecuadorian Andes in English. Making extensive use of indigenous legal documents from the early colonial period, Salomon focuses on what is today the city of Quito and the Los Chillos valley, as well as… Read More Native Lords of Quito in the Age of the Incas: Frank Salomon

The Andean Past: Magnus Mörner

Magnus Mörner’s The Andean Past: Land, Societies, and Conflicts (1985) is a wide-ranging survey of Andean history since conquest, focusing on classic political, social, and economic themes. In his discussion of Andean rural history, Mörner says historians should view the development of haciendas in terms of their wider commercial networks and argues that international export… Read More The Andean Past: Magnus Mörner

Huarochirí: Karen Spalding

Karen Spalding’s history of colonial Peru, Huarochirí, begins with the origins of Andean society, following social changes from pre-Inca days until the height of colonial rule. Written in the mid-1980s amidst a brutal economic crisis that inordinately impacted indigenous communities in areas like Huarochirí, this monograph seems an attempt to revalorize Andean society at a… Read More Huarochirí: Karen Spalding

Miners of the Red Mountain: Peter Bakewell

Peter Bakewell’s Miners of the Red Mountain: Indian Labor in Potosí, 1545-1650 (1984) looks at the changing systems of labor and production used at the silver mines of Potosí in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Bakewell questions the long-held assumption that the mines were overwhelmingly worked by forced laborers, arguing instead that declining… Read More Miners of the Red Mountain: Peter Bakewell

Peru’s Indian Peoples and the Challenge of Spanish Conquest: Steve Stern

Stern, Steve J. Peru’s Indian Peoples and the Challenge of Spanish Conquest: Huamanga to 1640. Madison, Wis: University of Wisconsin Press, 1982. Steve Stern’s Peru’s Indian Peoples and the Challenge of Spanish Conquest: Huamanga to 1640 centers on colonial Huamanga, a strategic military and economic region along the route between Lima and Potosí. It was… Read More Peru’s Indian Peoples and the Challenge of Spanish Conquest: Steve Stern

Slave over Master in Colonial Colombia and Ecuador: David Chandler

David Chandler’s “Slave Over Master in Colonial Colombia and Ecuador” (1982) looks at the development of the institution of slavery and the legal rights of enslaved Africans in the colonial Andes. Chandler argues that slavery as it was practiced in relatively peripheral parts of the Spanish Americas, like Colombia and Ecuador, was different than in… Read More Slave over Master in Colonial Colombia and Ecuador: David Chandler

Demografía y Asentamientos Indígenas en la Sierra Norte del Ecuador en el Siglo XVI: Horacio Larraín

Horacio Larraín Barros’ Demografía y Asentamientos Indígenas En La Sierra Norte Del Ecuador En El Siglo XVI: Estudio Etnohistórico de Las Fuentes Tempranas, 1525-1600 (1980) is an ethnohistory of the northern Andean región in the Incan and Spanish colonial periods which sheds light on the impact of Incan attempts to reorganize life in what became… Read More Demografía y Asentamientos Indígenas en la Sierra Norte del Ecuador en el Siglo XVI: Horacio Larraín

Repartos y Rebeliones: Jürgen Golte

Jürgen Golte’s Repartos y Rebeliones, published in German in 1977 and translated into Spanish by Carlos Degregori in 1980, analyzes the implementation, evolution, and resistance to the repartimiento de efectos, put in place by Spain’s Bourbon reformers in the eighteenth century.[1] Golte sought to revise earlier studies that overlooked the role of the repartos, a… Read More Repartos y Rebeliones: Jürgen Golte

Sublevaciones Indigenas en la Audiencia de Quito: Segundo Moreno

Segundo Moreno Yánez’s Sublevaciones Indigenas En La Audiencia de Quito. Desde Comienzos Del Siglo XVIII Hasta Finales de La Colonia (1977) looks at ten riots, protests and other tumultos in colonial Quito between 1760 and 1803. Moreno argues that conflicts over labor and a lack of trust between Andean communities and the colony’s Creole elite… Read More Sublevaciones Indigenas en la Audiencia de Quito: Segundo Moreno

Conquest and Agrarian Change: Robert Keith

Robert Keith’s 1976 Conquest and Agrarian Change: The Emergence of the Hacienda System on the Peruvian Coast, explored the rise of Spanish plantations in seven valleys along Peru’s southern coast in the second half of the sixteenth century. Keith emphasized the legacy of pre-Colombian societies in the development of the hacienda, arguing that in addition… Read More Conquest and Agrarian Change: Robert Keith

Economic Organization of the Inka State: John Murra

John Murra developed his now-famous theory of the Andean “vertical archipelago” in Formaciones Económicas y Políticas del Mundo Andino (1975, trans. Economic Organization of the Inka State, 1980), which grew out of his research in the Peruvian highlands between 1958 and 1973. Murra argued that pre-Columbian societies in the Andes sought to control a range of ecological zones… Read More Economic Organization of the Inka State: John Murra

Encomienda and Hacienda: James Lockhart

When historian James Lockhart published his renown article “Encomienda and Hacienda” in 1969, the modern historiography on haciendas was already more than forty-years-old. Yet even after decades, scholars were only beginning to understand these New World estates in terms of their origins and functions as colonial institutions. Early twentieth century scholars debated the extent of… Read More Encomienda and Hacienda: James Lockhart

Spanish Peru, 1532-1560: James Lockhart

James Lockhart’s Spanish Peru (1968) looks at the first three decades of Spanish conquest in the colonial Andes. One of the first Latin American historians to mine notarial records as a window into social life in the sixteenth century, Lockhart provides a survey of Peru’s major socioeconomic and demographic categories via a series of life… Read More Spanish Peru, 1532-1560: James Lockhart

The Kingdom of Quito in the Seventeenth Century: John Phelan

John Phelan’s The Kingdom of Quito in the Seventeenth Century: Bureaucratic Politics in the Spanish Empire (1967) looks at the emergence of administrative and bureaucratic institutions in the colonial Americas through the lens of early seventeenth-century Audiencia de Quito. Focusing on Antonio de Morga, the president of the audiencia between 1615 and 1636, Phelan argues… Read More The Kingdom of Quito in the Seventeenth Century: John Phelan